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# The California Frontier Project

Discover California History

## Posts

- [Native Americans in the Rancho Era: Roberto-Suñol and Olompali](https://www.californiafrontier.net/roberto-olompali/) - In 19th-century California, some Indians sought to recover their native lands by requesting grants from the Mexican government. The Roberto-Suñol Adobe and Olompali State Historic Park commemorate two men who did just that. The End of the Mission Era When Mexican officials ordered the dismantling of the mission system in Alta California (secularization), the issue became what
- [The California Gold Rush](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-california-gold-rush/) - In 1848, California had recently been annexed by the United States. The discovery of a soft, shiny metal in January of that year would bring about one of the region's most profound and lasting transformations. A Land of Minerals California is a region rich in minerals and metals, like iron, copper, mercury and also gold.
- [Exploration and Settlement of California (Part 2 of 2)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-exploration-settlement/) - For most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Spanish ships dominated the Pacific. But her rivals Russia and England were busy contesting that dominance. Who would be the first to settle California? This article is a continuation of a two-part series on the exploration of California. Click here to read the first part. Russia and
- [Land Grants in Alta California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/land-grants-in-alta-california/) - The story of land ownership in modern California begins with the practice of Spanish land grants. Beginning in the 18th century, Spain allowed farming and ranching by private individuals in California. In the 19th century the Mexican government continued and expanded the program. Land Laws in Spain The laws and customs about who could own
- [Soldiers and Presidios in Alta California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/soldiers-presidios-in-california/) - Who were the soldiers that came to Alta California? What was their life like? What were the presidios, and what was their role on the frontier? When Spanish soldiers arrived in Alta California, it wasn't with the aim of discovering gold or toppling great empires like the conquistadors 250 years earlier. In fact, Alta California
- [Interactive California Missions Map](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-missions-map/) - This map of the Alta California missions shows the 21 missions founded by Franciscan missionaries between 1769 and 1823. Each mission was established near a Native American settlement in an area known for providing water and land suitable for farming and ranching. Each mission was also located within the protective zone of one of the
- [The Bear Flag Revolt: Breaking Away from Mexico](https://www.californiafrontier.net/bear-flag-revolt/) - The Bear Flag Revolt is one of the central episodes in the events leading to the U.S. annexation of California.
- [Fr. José Altimira and Mission San Francisco Solano](https://www.californiafrontier.net/jose-altimira-san-francisco-solano/) - Fr. José Altimira was a Spanish Franciscan priest who founded Mission San Francisco Solano, the last -- and most controversial -- of the Alta California missions. Who was Fr. José Altimira? José Altimira was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, in 1787 and joined the Franciscan order as a young man. In June of 1819, when
- [Mission San Francisco Solano Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-francisco-solano-facts/) - Location: 114 E Spain St, Sonoma, CA 95476 Year founded: 1823 Patron saint: St. Francis Solano. Founder: Fr. José Altimira. Native peoples: Coast Miwok, Pomo, Suisunes, Wappo and Patwin. Goods produced: Some grain, also grapes and other fruit. Features: Adobe parish church restored as replica mission chapel with convento wing and portions of the old mission quadrangle. Current status:
- [The Chumash](https://www.californiafrontier.net/chumash-people/) - The Chumash are a widespread group of California native people who lived along the southern California coast and the Santa Barbara Channel Islands. Chumash Tribe Facts: The Chumash Name The name Chumash refers to several groups of California Indians who originally lived near the south-central coast of California, including the Channel Islands, and who spoke
- [9 Ways the Missions Impacted California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/how-did-the-missions-affect-california/) - How did the Missions Affect California? Much of the culture of California has its roots in the history of the Spanish missions. And although the missions were only fully active for about 60 years, their presence had a major impact on many areas of life in California. In this article we'll talk about some of
- [The Spanish Legacy in California and the Mexican War for Independence](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-spanish-legacy-in-california-and-the-mexican-war-for-independence/) - This is a special episode of the California Frontier podcast. The shoe is on the other foot this time, and I am the one being interviewed. My host is Jordan Mattox, a California junior high school teacher passionate about California history. He has an excellent podcast appropriately titled "History of California." In this session, we
- [Native Vaqueros in Alta California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/indian-vaqueros/) - Vaqueros were the most important workers in the mission and rancho eras. And some of the first vaqueros were Native American. Learn more about these unique figures on the California frontier. What Does "Vaquero" Mean? The word vaquero is usually translated as “cowboy” in English and literally means “someone in charge of cows.” It also
- [The Luiseño of Southern California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-luiseno-of-southern-california/) - The Luiseño people are an indigenous group of coastal Southern California with a unique language and culture. Luiseño Territory Much of the area of coastal Southern California north of San Diego and south of Los Angeles County is the ancestral home of the Luiseño people. The Luiseño Name The name “Luiseño” refers to the communities
- [Early Settlment of California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/settlers-part-1/) - Who settled California? What was their life like? What were the first towns? The King Needs Towns By the 1760s, Spanish officials, especially King Carlos III of Spain, had understood that in order to secure a foothold in the territory, a military presence was not enough. Although a military presidio was a self-contained community, it
- [The Californios](https://www.californiafrontier.net/settlers-part-2/) - What type of culture developed among settlers in Alta California? What did they call themselves? How did they live under Mexico and Spain? And how did they respond to American rule? Read Part 1 of this series. In time, soldiers, settlers and their descendants began to develop a unique culture in Alta California. The fact
- [Tiburcio Vásquez and Vaquero Vengeance](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tiburcio-vaquez-and-vaquero-vengeance/) - Shortly after the end of the Mexican-American War, William Rich Hutton recalled visiting Doña Angustias de la Guerra Jimeno in Monterey...
- [San Francisco's Overlooked Pioneer: William Alexander Leidesdorff](https://www.californiafrontier.net/leidesdorff/) - Although little known today, the name of William Alexander Leidesdorff is enshrined on streets in San Francisco and a town along the American River. He was also one of California’s pioneers of African descent and instrumental in bringing about the American annexation of California.
- [The Rise and Fall of Captain Folsom](https://www.californiafrontier.net/captain-folsom/) - During his short life, William Alexander Leidesdorff accumulated great wealth. Yet, what happened to his wealth after he died is a story in itself. The Aftermath of Leidesdorff's Death In addition to his riches, Leidesdorff left many debts. Many of those were a result of his financing of businesses and other ventures like Fremont's expeditions.
- [Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/juan-rodriguez-cabrillo/) - What did Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo do and why is he important? Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo is best known for being the first European to successfully navigate the Pacific coast of what is today California to points north of the San Francisco Bay. During the voyage, he and his men disembarked at several points and made direct
- [How Did the California Missions End?](https://www.californiafrontier.net/secularization/) - The California missions ended after Mexico became independent of Spain. The newly independent Mexican government passed laws that called for an end to the mission system through a process called “secularization.” Secularization: The end of the Spanish missions in California To visit the California missions today is an impressive experience. The church buildings, gardens and
- [California Mission Founders: Names, Dates and Bios](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-founders/) - People often ask who founded the Spanish missions in California. And while Fr. Junípero Serra and Fr. Fermín Francisco de Lasuén are rightly credited as the main mission founders, several other missionaries were involved in establishing missions in California. Mission Founders in Alta California With the exception of Fr. Luis Gil y Taboada, all mission founders
- [Why Did Native Americans Come to the California Missions?](https://www.californiafrontier.net/why-did-native-americans-come-to-the-missions/) - Native Americans came to the California missions for a variety of reasons. Some of these were: protection from their enemies, access to stable food sources, attraction to Spanish culture and religion, fear of Spanish weapons and a desire to stay together with their clans and kin. Were Native Americans Forced to Enter the California Missions?
- [The Anza Expedition of 1775-76: Members and Their Families](https://www.californiafrontier.net/anza-members/) - In January of 1776, Juan Bautista de Anza arrived in Alta California with just over 200 men, women and children from Tubac in today's Arizona. Origin of the Trek Anza had been ordered by Governor of California Felipe de Neve to recruit settlers to bolster the presence of families in Alta California. They had started
- [Todavía Estamos Aquí (We are Still Here)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/todavia-estamos-aqui-we-are-still-here/) - 246 years ago a group of some two hundred people arrived at the Presidio of San Francisco after an arduous trek from Tubac in what is today southern Arizona.
- [How Did California Get its Name? You Might be Surprised](https://www.californiafrontier.net/name-california/) - Before it was a state, a Gold Rush destination, or even a Spanish colony, California was a fictional island ruled by a warrior queen. In a 1510 Spanish adventure novel, Queen Calafia led an army of Amazons from a land rich in gold and wild beasts. Yet the story does not begin there. The name
- [The Portolá Expedition and the Discovery of the San Francisco Bay](https://www.californiafrontier.net/portola-expedition/) - The Portolá Expedition was the first Spanish land exploration of Alta California and changed the course of North American history.
- [Native Americans of the California Missions: Territories, Affiliations and Descendants](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-indians/) - Native American Tribes of the California Missions When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in Alta California, they found that it was home to numerous native people, from the far northern forests to the southern deserts, from the Sierra Nevada west to the Pacific coast. California Indian populations were extremely diverse, with perhaps as many as 80 native language groups,
- [Native American Life at Mission San Diego de Alcalá](https://www.californiafrontier.net/indian-life-mission-san-diego-de-alcala/) - What was daily life like for Native Americans at Mission San Diego de Alcalá? What did they eat? What jobs did they do? An introduction to life at Alta California’s 1st Spanish Mission. Who Founded Mission San Diego de Alcalá and When Was It Founded? Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Fr. Junípero
- [Native American Life at the California Missions: An Overview](https://www.californiafrontier.net/indian-life-california-missions/) - How did native people live at the Spanish missions in Alta California? What were their jobs? What did they eat? An in-depth look at Native American life in the California missions. Prior to the arrival of Spanish explorers, missionaries and soldiers, human beings had occupied the territory that would later be known as Alta California
- [The Kumeyaay People](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-kumeyaay/) - The Kumeyaay are indigenous people who live on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border, in southwestern California and northwestern Baja California. They traditionally spoke languages related to each other, and many were connected to Mission San Diego de Alcalá. The Kumeyaay Name In times past, because the Kumeyaay were spread over such a large territory that
- [The Coast Miwok (Part 2)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/coast-miwok-part-2/) - Read Part 1 here. First Encounters with Europeans Early Explorations The Coast Miwok people's encounters with Europeans date back to the sixteenth century. In 1579, the English privateer Francis Drake made landfall along the northern California coast. There, he probably met Coast Miwok people. Portuguese explorer Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho -- also known as Sebastián Rodríguez
- [Life in Rancho Era Los Angeles: Hardships and Joys](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tar-roofs/) - José Jesús López grew up in the Pueblo of Los Angeles in the 1850s, in the neighborhood of *El Paredón Blanco* (today's Boyle Heights).
- [Bad for the Lungs but Wonderful for Memories](https://www.californiafrontier.net/bad-for-the-lungs/) - If doors and windows were primitive in Californio homes, you can also imagine that furniture was not much better.
- [Coast Miwok Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/coast-miwok-tribe-facts/) - Home region: Marin and southern Sonoma Counties Mission affiliations: San Francisco de Asís, San Rafael, San Francisco Solano Historical background: Speakers of the Miwok language in northwestern Alta California were divided into Lake Miwok and Coast Miwok. Both Francis Drake in 1579 and Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño in 1595 spoke of encountering the Coast Miwok. In addition
- [Kumeyaay Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/kumeyaay-tribe-facts/) - Other names Tipai, Ipai, Diegueño, Luiseño Home region San Diego County, northern Baja California Mission affiliations San Diego de Alcalá, San Luis Rey de Francia Historical Background Kumeyaay (Spanish pronunciation: Kamia) is a name given to two closely-related groups, the Tipai and the Ipai, whose ancestral territory encompasses much of the far southwest of California.
- [Maidu Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/maidu-tribe-facts/) - Home region: Lower reaches of the Yuba River, the American River and the Feather River, to the east bank of the Sacramento and the Sierra crest. Mission affiliations: San Francisco de Asís Historical background: The Maidu people occupied the areas of the northern Sierra, and down into the Sacramento Valley. Maidu contact with the Spanish most
- [Luiseño Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/luiseno-tribe-facts/) - Other name: Payómkawichum or Payómkowishum; Quechnajuichom Home region: San Diego County, north toward San Onofre, south toward Escondido Mission affiliations: San Luis Rey de Francia Historical background: Quechnajuichom is the Spanish spelling of the name that Pablo Tac, a nineteenth-century Luiseño ethnographer, used to describe the people who lived in the area around today's San Luis
- [Ohlone Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/ohlone-tribe-facts/) - Other names: Costanoan Home region: Greater San Francisco Bay region, including Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito and northern Monterey Counties Mission affiliations: San Carlos Borromeo, San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores), Santa Clara de Asís, Santa Cruz, San José Historical background: Ohlone is a name used to describe a large number of diverse groups that
- [Acjachemen (Juaneño) Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/acjachemem-juaneno-tribe-facts/) - Home Region Orange County, from the ocean east to the Sierra Santa Ana, south toward San Onofre, north to Alisos Creek Mission Affiliations San Juan Capistrano Historical Background Acjachemen is a term used by Fray Gerónimo de Boscana (taken from the name of the main native village) to represent the native people associated with the San
- [The Chumash at a Glance](https://www.californiafrontier.net/chumash-tribe-facts/) - Chumash is the name given to the original inhabitants of the central coast of California, from Morro Bay to Malibu, and three of the Channel Islands. Other names Obispeño, Ventureño, Barbareño, Purisimeño, Yneseño, Canalino Home region San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties, as well as the Channel Islands, east to Castaic and Mt.
- [Salinan Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/salinan-tribe-facts/) - There were probably as many as 21 Salinan villages in the extending just south of Mission La Soledad to the north of San Luis Obispo.
- [Indian Life at the California Missions -- San Carlos Borromeo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/indian-life-san-carlos/) - How did native people live at Mission San Carlos Borromeo? What languages did they speak? What foods did they eat? How did they dress? One of the things people often ask about is what life was like on the California missions, especially Indian life. Some of the most important accounts of native life at the
- [Indian Life at the California Missions -- Santa Inés](https://www.californiafrontier.net/indian-life-santa-ines/) - How did native people live at Mission Santa Inés? What was daily life like? What languages did they speak? What foods did they eat? How did they dress? One of the things people often ask about is what life was like on the California missions, especially Indian life. Some of the most important accounts of
- [Chumash Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/chumash-tribe-facts-2/) - Other names: Obispeño, Ventureño, Barbareño, Purisimeño, Yneseño, Canalino Home region: San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties, as well as the Channel Islands, east to Castaic and Mt. Pinos. Mission affiliations: San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, San Buenaventura, Santa Bárbara, La Purísima Concepción, Santa Inés Historical background: Chumash is the name given to a number of
- [Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Area (Part 2): Ohlone Culture](https://www.californiafrontier.net/ohlone-tribe-culture/) - The second of a two part series. Read part 1 here. In this second part, we discuss Ohlone culture, including political organization, religion, myths, music and art, tools and crafts, the Ohlone today and Ohlone sites you can visit. How Was Ohlone Culture Organized? Although today the Ohlone are referred to with one name, they
- [Indian Life at the California Missions - San Miguel Arcangel](https://www.californiafrontier.net/indian-life-at-the-california-missions-san-miguel/) - One of the things people often ask about is what life was like on the California missions, especially Indian life. Some of the most important accounts of California Indian life at the missions come from the Interrogatorio (Questionnaire) that the Spanish Government sent to the priests of the California Missions in 1813. The Padres' Answers Each mission
- [The Coast Miwok: People of the Northern California Coast (Part 1)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-coast-miwok-people-of-the-northern-california-coast-part-1/) - The Coast Miwok are indigenous people of the area north of San Francisco Bay. Coast Miwok Territory The name “Coast Miwok” refers to the Native American communities who lived along the California coast north of the San Francisco Bay, in what is today Marin and parts of Sonoma Counties. The terrain of that area is The Coast Miwok are indigenous people of the area north of San Francisco Bay. Coast Miwok Territory The name “Coast Miwok” refers to the Native American communities who lived along the California coast north of the San Francisco Bay, in what is today Marin and parts of Sonoma Counties. The terrain of that area is
- [The Castaway of Whalers Cove](https://www.californiafrontier.net/william-richardson/) - After coming to Mexican California in 1822 on a whaling ship, Englishman William Richardson decided to stay.
- [Three Californianas You Should Know](https://www.californiafrontier.net/three-californianas/) - The early history of California is made up of many remarkable women. Fortunately, some of them left behind stories that give us important glimpses into life in frontier times.
- ["The Americanos Played for Keeps"](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-army/) - In his memoirs about life in rancho era California, José Jesús López describes how his father joined the "California Army."
- [How We Almost Lost El Camino Real (and the Women Who Saved It)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-women-who-saved-el-camino/) - Imagine California with no landmarks from before 1848, no structures dating to the Spanish and Mexican periods. How different might the state be?
- [The Legend of Chief Solano](https://www.californiafrontier.net/chief-solano/) - “He was of gigantic stature, standing six feet seven inches–without his stockings, for he had none. And he was large all over in proportion, with the strength of several men. His name by baptism was Francisco Solano, and by that name he was best known.” – Platon Vallejo Joining the Mission When young Sina was
- [California in 1834: The Memoirs of Carlos N. Híjar](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-in-1834/) - Carlos N. Híjar was eight years old when he came to California from Jalisco, Mexico, in 1834. Four decades later, he described his recollections of Mexican California to an interviewer working for historian Hubert Howe Bancroft. Bancroft was interested in collecting the oral testimonies of people who had lived through California's Spanish and Mexican periods.
- [Saving Our Stories](https://www.californiafrontier.net/saving-stories/) - A few nights ago I attended a community meeting aimed at designating my county as a National Heritage Area. Throughout the United States, from Alaska to West Virginia, there are over 60 National Heritage Areas. Not one is in California. I live in what most of the world knows as “Silicon Valley.” It is a
- [Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Area: The Ohlone Tribe, Part 1](https://www.californiafrontier.net/ohlone-tribe-language-food-clothing/) - The Ohlone people occupied the San Francisco and Monterey Bay regions for thousands of years. Part 1 of a 2-part series. In the first part of this series, we will discuss the Ohlone name, their traditional territory, Ohlone languages, housing, food and clothes. The Ohlone Name The greater San Francisco Bay region is home to
- [The Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island: Interview with Elisabeth Rareshide](https://www.californiafrontier.net/lone-woman-san-nicolas-island/) - The story of the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island was made famous by Scott O'Dell's novel The Island of the Blue Dolphins. In this episode of the podcast, we learn more about her real life with archeologist Elisabeth Rareshide, along with a new exhibit at the Mission Santa Barbara museum. Elisabeth Rareshide Elisabeth Rareshide
- [Aztec Memories and the Florentine Codex: Interview with Ezekiel Stear (Part 1)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/florentine-codex/) - The story of the Spanish missions in California has its roots in 16th century Mexico. There, Franciscan friars and their native partners sought to record the memories of Aztec elders before their culture was changed forever. The information they collected is contained in the Florentine Codex. Ezekiel Stear Dr. Ezekiel Stear is Assistant Professor of
- [California Mission List: Photos, Locations, Founders](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-mission-list-2/) - Between 1769 and 1823 Spanish missionaries founded 21 missions up and down the coast of Alta California (today's state of California). These missions were meant to continue the chain of missions extending north from the southern tip of Baja California. Each mission was named after a Catholic saint who served as its patron. Franciscan priests often
- [Indian Life at Mission Santa Cruz](https://www.californiafrontier.net/indian-life-at-mission-santa-cruz/) - What was daily life like for Native Americans at Mission Santa Cruz? What did they eat? What jobs did they do? An introduction to life at Alta California’s 12th Spanish Mission. Where is Mission Santa Cruz Located? Mission Santa Cruz is located near the northern coast of Monterey Bay, on the west side of the
- [Mission San Francisco Solano: 10 Interesting Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/san-francisco-solano-10-facts/) - 2023 marked the 200th anniversary of the founding of Mission San Francisco Solano. Nestled in the Valley of the Moon, in the heart of California’s wine country, the mission is an unmistakable landmark. The simple 2,400-square-foot church stands along Sonoma’s main square, across the street from the barracks that General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo built to house the The mission represents a rich history that includes native peoples, the area’s Spanish and Mexican heritage, the U.S. conquest of California and statehood.
- [Junípero Serra's Mallorca: Where it All Began](https://www.californiafrontier.net/junipero-serra-mallorca/) - Flying to Mallorca "Take your swim suit!" This what my Spanish friends told me when they heard I was going to spend a day in Mallorca, the largest of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean. I was in Spain for a conference, and I had to explain to them that my goal wasn't exactly to
- [Origins of Mexican Independence (Part 1)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/origins-mexican-independence/) - The Impact of Mexican Independence on Alta California Prior to the U.S. takeover of Alta California, no other event had such an impact on its people and institutions as the independence of Mexico from Spain. Actions taken as a result of Mexican independence led to conflicts between political factions in Alta California, increased tensions with
- [Ranchos in California: The Spanish and Mexican Eras](https://www.californiafrontier.net/ranchos-in-california/) - For many years ranchos defined the early California lifestyle. Their impact remains with us today. What is a Rancho? Rancho is a Spanish word that has many meanings, but most refer to a place where people gather. During the Spanish colonial period in the Americas it became associated with a place for raising cattle and other
- [Origins of Mexican Independence: Part 2 of a Series](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mexican-independence-part-2/) - With a French family on the Spanish throne, two events had an irreversible effect on Spain's relationship with her colonies. Spanish Power is Weakened By the mid-18th century, Spain was no longer at the pinnacle of European power. As a result of the wars over control of the crown (the War of Spanish Succession), Spain had
- [The Castro Adobe: A Californio Landmark Restored](https://www.californiafrontier.net/castro-adobe/) - If you want to see a precious California landmark in the process of being saved for future generations, mark your calendar to visit the Joaquín Castro Adobe near Watsonville. The Castro Family At one time, the California landscape was sprinkled with adobes. Depending on the means available to their builders, they might be low and
- [Juan Bautista de Anza: Son of the Frontier](https://www.californiafrontier.net/juan-bautista-de-anza-son-of-the-frontier/) - Juan Bautista de Anza was a military officer, governor, explorer and diplomat. His life had an enormous impact on the history of California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico, as well as Northern Mexico.
- [The Forgotten Lives of a California Adobe](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-forgotten-lives-of-the-castro-adobe/) - Preserving historical landmarks means more than just saving old buildings. It often means preserving the link to the lives lived there.
- [Routes to Mexican California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/routes-to-mexican-california/) - In the early decades of the nineteenth century, growing numbers of people came to Alta California. The routes they took and the lives they established changed the history of the region. Immigration by Sea After independence from Spain, the Mexican government relaxed trade and immigration rules. In the 1820s and 1830s, small numbers of English-speaking
- [California Missions: 50 Interesting Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-missions-interesting-facts/) - The California missions are home to fascinating stories and interesting facts. The following is a list 50 things you might not know about the missions-- but there are many more to discover. Pirate Raid In 1818, a French privateer named Hippolyte Bouchard (known in Spanish as Hipólito Bouchard), led a series of raids along the coast of Alta California. Bouchard
- [Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mariano-guadalupe-vallejo-general-of-the-northern-frontier/) - Military commander, town founder, politician, patriarch. Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was arguably the most powerful man in northern Alta California. After the American takeover, he helped form the new state and fought to preserve the history of Spanish and Mexican California. Birth and Early Life of Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was born at Monterey
- [The Mexican-American War](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mexican-american-war/) - The Mexican-American War (or the U.S. - Mexico War) was the conflict that took place between 1846 and 1848 and caused Mexico to lose close to half of its territory and the U.S. to acquire what is today Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada and California. The Spanish in North America and the Treaty of
- [Life at a California Mission: A Native American Perspective](https://www.californiafrontier.net/pablo-tac/) - In the 1830's, a young man named Pablo Tac wrote about his experiences growing up at Mission San Luis Rey. It is one of the only firsthand accounts written by a Native American who lived at a mission. Who Was Pablo Tac? Pablo Tac was a young Luiseño Indian man born at Mission San Luis Rey
- [Adopted by Indians: A True Story (Review)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/adopted-by-indians/) - Thomas Jefferson Mayfield had the unique experience of living among the Choinumne Indians in California's Central Valley. For the next ten years, Mayfield spent most of his time living among the Choinumne near the banks of the Kings River. He learned their language and way of life and came to have a deep love and
- [The California Frontier Podcast - Introduction](https://www.californiafrontier.net/000/) - Introducing the California Frontier Podcast, dedicated to the people and stories of the California mission and rancho eras. For some months now I have been promising to launch a California Frontier Podcast. Well, as they say in Spanish, Lo prometido es deuda (“A promise is a debt”). I owe you a debt, and it is one I am happy to pay.
- [Native Knowledge in Colonial Latin America: Interview with Ezekiel Stear (Part 2)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/native-knowledge/) - As the Spanish Empire become more consolidated, language and writing became more and more important -- both for the Spanish government and for native peoples. In part 2 of this interview we learn how indigenous people in Colonial Spanish America preserved their knowledge in the face of restrictive government policies. Listen to Part 1 Highlights
- [Early Exploration of California (Part 1 of 2)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/early-exploration/) - The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortez arrived in Baja California in 1535 (Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando). What were the Reasons for Spanish Exploration of California? Spanish experience in central Mexico kindled the hope for finding other wealthy civilizations. Knowing that Vasco Nuñez de Balboa had reached Pacific Ocean in 1513, Spanish ships,
- [Podcast Episode 002 -- "You Have to Carry This On": What it Means to Be a Californio](https://www.californiafrontier.net/002/) - In this episode, I speak with Greg Bernal-Mendoza Smestad, a direct descendant of the families who settled Alta California over 200 years ago. Greg talks to us about their journey, the character of those people who risked their lives to come to come north, and the legacy they passed on. When Spanish explorers came to Alta California in 1769,
- [How to Visit All 21 California Missions with Maggie Espinosa](https://www.californiafrontier.net/001-visit-missions/) - A conversation with writer Maggie Espinosa, on her quest to visit all 21 California missions, from San Diego to Sonoma. A growing number of people of all ages are taking up the challenge of walking the entire California mission trail. For many, it is an adventure, a spiritual pilgrimage, a scenic tour, a way to get
- [Origins of Mexican Independence Part 3: Breaking Away](https://www.californiafrontier.net/origins-of-mexican-independence-part-3-breaking-away/) - With a foreign occupier in control of Spain and the royal family in exile in France, people in the Spanish territories in the Americas found themselves at a crossroads. Read Part 2 The Criollos are Restless Those who felt most affected by this situation were the criollos, people of Spanish descent born in the New
- [Who Was Junípero Serra?](https://www.californiafrontier.net/who-was-junipero-serra/) - Junípero Serra was a Spanish priest who established the a series of missions among the native peoples of what is today California. He is considered by many to be the founding father of California and is recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church. Where Was Junípero Serra Born? Junípero Serra was born Miguel José
- [Junipero Serra Video Clarifies Some Misconceptions](https://www.californiafrontier.net/junipero-serra-video/) - The Academy of American Franciscan History has released a new video documentary on Junipero Serra, Introducing Junipero Serra: The Newest Saint. This video does a good job of avoiding the "grand narrative," i.e., of framing Serra and the missions as part of a struggle between good guys vs. bad guys. Instead, in Introducing Junipero Serra, we something more resembling
- [Grit and Grace on the Golden Gate: The Unforgettable Juana Briones](https://www.californiafrontier.net/juana-briones/) - Juana Briones lived in Spanish, Mexican and U.S. California and she left her mark on all three. Now she is receiving the attention she deserves. Who was Juana Briones? Sometimes historical research presents us with fascinating figures that have largely been overlooked. Such is the case with Sylveria Pacheco, a woman born at Mission Santa
- [Mission San Rafael Arcángel: The Hospital That Became a Mission](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-rafael-arcangel-china-camp/) - Originally built as a hospital outpost for Mission Dolores, Mission San Rafael Arcángel grew to become a successful mission in its own right. Nearby China Camp State Park offers a complementary glimpse into California's unique history. Mission San Rafael Archángel began as a hospital center for Native Americans from Mission Dolores. Damian Bacich/CaliforniaFrontier.net The Founding
- [California Frontier Glossary: Vocabulary Words of the Mission and Presidio Era](https://www.californiafrontier.net/glossary-vocabulary/) - Many words used to describe people and objects in Alta California are unfamiliar to us today. Some words are architectural or military terms. The words in italics are mainly Spanish words, but which have changed meaning with time or are specific to the area that used to be called New Spain or Nueva España. Below
- [What Were the Spanish Missions in California?](https://www.californiafrontier.net/what-were-spanish-missions/) - What were the Spanish missions in California? How did they begin? The Spanish missions in California were communities of indigenous people (Indians) established by Franciscan missionaries in the 18th and 19th centuries. The were frontier institutions and part of Spain's effort to have a presence in California. (Click here for a map of all 21 Spanish missions in
- [California Mission Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-mission-list/) - Between 1769 and 1823 Spanish missionaries founded 21 missions up and down the coast of Alta California (today's state of California). These missions were meant to continue the chain of missions extending north from the southern tip of Baja California. Below is a list of mission facts: Each mission was named after a Catholic saint
- [Indian Life at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel](https://www.californiafrontier.net/indian-life-san-gabriel/) - What was daily life like for Native Americans at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel? What did they eat? What jobs did they do? An introduction to life at Alta California's 4th Spanish Mission. Who Founded Mission San Gabriel? Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was the 4th mission established in Alta California. The mission was founded on September
- [<i>¡Siempre Adelante!</i>   Junípero Serra Goes to New York](https://www.californiafrontier.net/serra-exhibit/) - A new exhibit on the life of Junípero Serra made its New York debut in. It tells the story of the missionary from Mallorca in his own words. Imagine we could travel back in time 200 years and speak to Junípero Serra. What would he say to us? How would he want us to think of him? I
- [Mission San Juan Bautista Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-juan-bautista-facts-2/) - Location: 406 2nd St, San Juan Bautista, CA 95045 Year founded: 1797 Patron saint: St. John the Baptist. Founder: Fr. Fermín de Lasuén. Native peoples: Mutsun (Ohlone), also Yokuts from the San Joaquin Valley. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas. Features: Mexican-era plaza with historical buildings; adobe church with ladrillo (brick) façade, convento wing with tiled corridor. Current
- [Mission San Antonio de Pala: Why You Need to Visit](https://www.californiafrontier.net/san-antonio-de-pala/) - San Antonio de Pala, founded in 1816 as an asistencia (branch) of San Luis Rey, is a living Native American community and an important destination on your next visit to San Diego. Nestled in the fertile Pala Valley east of San Diego, San Antonio de Pala is unique because it didn't start as a mission
- ["The Spirit Within Saint Junípero": A Book of Stunning Photos](https://www.californiafrontier.net/a-new-book-of-stunning-photos-preview/) - Last year I wrote about Craig Alan Huber's quest to document the places associated with the life of Junípero Serra. His gorgeous book is now in print and available at a discount to CaliforniaFrontier.net readers. Below you will find the original post with an update about where you can purchase the book: Craig Alan Huber
- [The Five Reasons Pope Francis Canonized Junípero Serra](https://www.californiafrontier.net/pope-francis-canonize-serra/) - Note: this is an updated version of an earlier post written at the time of Serra's canonization. Catholics and non-Catholics alike seem to be interested in whether Junipero Serra should be declared a saint. In the previous post I gave an outline of the long process that Junipero Serra -- or any other would-be saint -- must undergo
- [Choosing a Mission Site: San Miguel Arcángel](https://www.californiafrontier.net/when-was-mission-san-miguel-founded/) - How was a mission site chosen? What factors went into the location of a mission? Who decided where to build a mission? When was Mission San Miguel Founded? Mission San Miguel Arcángel was founded on July 25, 1797 by Fr. Fermín de Lasuén and Fr. Buenaventura Sitjar. Important Steps Before establishing a Spanish mission in
- [A Trip to San Juan Bautista on the Winter Solstice (Video)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/solstice/) - https://youtu.be/P6vj46xdq8Y&rel=0 The winter solstice illuminations are a fascinating and little-known aspect of the California missions. This is the story of my trip to witness this phenomenon. On December 21 I got up before dawn and took a trip down to Mission San Juan Bautista to see the sunrise. Why December 21 and why San Juan Bautista?
- [Serra Statues: Don't Tear Down, Build Up](https://www.californiafrontier.net/serra-statues/) - Junípero Serra's statues are being defaced. Government institutions are seeking to remove his name from public monuments. All in the name of justice. Is there a better way forward? You may have heard recently a statue of Junípero Serra that stands in front of the old Mission Santa Barbara was decapitated and covered with
- [Five Tips for Teaching Kids about the California Missions](https://www.californiafrontier.net/teaching-kids-missions/) - Fourth grade is the first and last time most people learn anything about the mission period in California. In case you don’t know, the state social studies curriculum mandates that all fourth graders be able to “describe the social, political, cultural, and economic life and interactions among people of California from the pre-Columbian societies to the
- [The Seven Steps to Sainthood for Junipero Serra](https://www.californiafrontier.net/junipero-serra-steps-sainthood/) - When Pope Francis announced that he was going to declare sainthood for Junipero Serra during a flight to Manila in January 2015, some people took it as an impromptu decision. And while the announcement might have been made on the spur of the moment, the process that led to it was anything but. When the Catholic Church declares
- [Happy Birthday San José](https://www.californiafrontier.net/happy-birthday-san-jose/) - San José, California is the oldest city on the West Coast. In November it celebrates its birthday. November 29th marks the anniversary of the founding of the city of San José, California in 1777. It is odd to think that the city that calls itself "The Capital of Silicon Valley" was founded the same year the Continental Congress adopted the
- [Governors of Alta California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/governors-alta-california/) - At the very beginning of the Spanish occupation of Alta California and until 1777, the governors were military commanders. Until 1804, governors were in charge of overseeing the province of Las Californias, both Baja and Alta California. Pablo Vicente de Solá was the only governor to serve under both Spain and Mexico. When news of
- [Organizations and Websites](https://www.californiafrontier.net/orgs-and-sites/) - There is a great deal of information about the mission era on the Internet. Not all of it is reliable or well-researched. Below are some resources which I personally believe provide solid and useful information related to the California missions, Junipero Serra and related topics. I will continue to update this page, so check back often!
- [A Hidden Gem: Ulistac Natural Area (Video)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/ulistac/) - Once a Native American settlement and later a rancho, Ulistac Natural Area is now a great place for a kid-friendly day hike in the San Francisco Bay Area. Exploring California's frontier heritage can mean more than visiting a mission, museum or adobe. There are plenty of places where you can experience the natural world while also
- [Beyond Clichés](https://www.californiafrontier.net/beyond-cliches/) - Recently I began recording a series of interviews for a new podcast I will be launching as part of California Frontier. For one of the first interviews, I had the pleasure of visiting Greg Bernal Smestad. Greg has made it his mission to preserve and maintain the heritage his ancestors, who came to California
- [California 4th Grade History Standards](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-4th-grade-history-standards/) - For many people growing up in California, their first exposure to the mission era takes place during their 4th grade year in elementary school (not me, I was living in the Pacific Northwest during 4th grade!). As part of the state-mandated curriculum, all students in 4th grade are required to learn about people and their surroundings
- [Books About the California Missions - Where to Start](https://www.californiafrontier.net/books-about-the-california-missions-where-to-start/) - Friends often ask me where they should begin in learning about the California missions. There are are so many books about the California missions out there — some of which I’ll review later — that it is hard to know where to start. Below are a few books that have helped me. All of these
- [Mission Leveled by Quake, Tsunami Seen off Central Coast](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-leveled-by-quake/) - Tsunamis are a fact of life in seismic California, as mission history reminds us. Dr. Dan Krieger is Professor Emeritus of History at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, and a leading expert on the California missions. He relates the story of a tsunami that occurred off California's central coast while Father Luis Gil y Taboada was stationed at
- [Mission San Diego in 3D](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-diego-in-3d/) - I am a big fan of old stereo photos. As a child I loved to look at View-Master reels, especially the ones with views of far away places. To look at these places through a 3D viewer gave me the impression that I was actually visiting the places. For a moment I was transported to
- [Happy Birthday Junipero Serra](https://www.californiafrontier.net/happy-birthday-junipero-serra/) - Junipero Serra was born Miguel José Serra on November 24, 1713, in the town of Petra on the island of Mallorca, Spain, 302 years ago. You can read more about Junipero Serra's life here.

## Pages

- [Start Here](https://www.californiafrontier.net/start-here/) - Early California History Resources Welcome to California Frontier. We offer clear, accurate, and well-explained early California history, with particular attention to the Native, Spanish, and Mexican periods. If you’re new to the site, this page will help you find the most useful starting points, whether that’s background reading, classroom support, maps and timelines, or topic-specific
- [Mexico Before Texas Independence (including Alta California)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mexico-before-texas-independence-including-alta-california/)
- [The Voyage of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo and Bartolomé Ferrelo (Map)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-voyage-of-juan-rodriguez-cabrillo-and-bartolome-ferrelo-map/)
- [The California Frontier Chronicle](https://www.californiafrontier.net/chronicle/) - March 19, 2026 Interview with Edie Littlefield Sundby, The Mission Walker Edie Littlefield Sundby's story is nothing short of remarkable. Her memoir, The Mission Walker, gives a first-person account of her life-changing walk along the full Camino Real de las Californias—from Loreto, Baja California, to Sonoma, California—while living with stage-four cancer. After being denied treatment
- [Shop test](https://www.californiafrontier.net/shop-test/)
- [Maps](https://www.californiafrontier.net/maps/) - These maps can be helpful for better understanding the history and cultures of early California. Historic Sites Missions of Alta California (Interactive) California State Historic Parks (Interactive) Native Americans California Native American Territories Chumash Territory Kumeyaay Territory Ohlone Territory Exploration and Settlement Voyage of Juan Rodgríguez Cabrillo Mexico Before Texas Independence (including Alta California) Usage
- [California Native American Territories](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-native-map/)
- [Explorers, Soldiers, Settlers](https://www.californiafrontier.net/exploration-settlement/) - Exploration and Settlement of California How did California Get its Name? You Might be Surprised Early Exploration of California (Part 1 of 2) Exploration and Settlement of California (Part 2 of 2) The Portolá Expedition and the Discovery of the San Francisco Bay Settlers on the California Frontier (Part 1) Settlers on the California Frontier
- [Contact Us](https://www.californiafrontier.net/get-in-touch/)
- [About](https://www.californiafrontier.net/about/) - My name is Damian Bacich. I am a native Californian and university professor with over 25 years of experience in the classroom. I am also passionate about the history of California and the West. A few years ago, when my kids were in elementary school, I was looking for online resources about California history to
- [Learn about California's history, from ancient times to the Gold Rush and beyond.](https://www.californiafrontier.net/start-exploring/) - TOPICS California HistoryOur best posts about California's early history. Exploration and settlementThe soldiers and civilians who founded California's ranchos and pueblos. Native AmericansThe people who settled the land thousands of years ago. PodcastTake a deeper dive into California history. California MissionsFacts, history and people -- from 1769 to the present. ResourcesTools for studying, appreciating and
- [Mission San Juan Capistrano Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-juan-capistrano-facts/) - Background: Mission San Juan Capistrano is the seventh mission founded in Alta California. It was established in the territory of the Acjachemen people, with the aim of having a mission that could bridge the distance between Mission San Diego de Alcalá to the south and Mission San Gabriel to the north. Location: 26801 Ortega Hwy,
- [Mission San Luis Rey de Francia Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-luis-rey-de-francia-facts/) - Background Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is the 18th of the California mission chain and was founded in the territory of the Payomkawichum or Luiseño people. It came to be known as "The King of the Missions." Unlike other missions, its population remained stable throughout the mission period into the 1830s. Location: 4050 Mission
- [Connect Students with California History](https://www.californiafrontier.net/connect-students-with-california-history/) - As a teacher or homeschool parent, you need engaging, accurate resources to bring California history to life. CaliforniaFrontier.net provides: Clear, reliable information through well-researched articles on key topics like Native Californians, Spanish missions, ranchos, U.S. expansion, and more. Primary sources and historical perspectives that help students think critically by exploring real historical documents. Engaging stories
- [Deepen Your History Knowledge](https://www.californiafrontier.net/deepen-your-own-knowledge/) - If you love California history, CaliforniaFrontier.net is your gateway to well-researched, engaging content on the people and events that shaped the Golden State. Well-researched articles allow you to explore key topics, such as Native Californian cultures, the Spanish missions, Mexican California, and the U.S. annexation. Dive into historical documents and uncover the diverse voices of
- [Full Curriculum](https://www.californiafrontier.net/full-curriculum/) - Through CaliforniaHistoryTeachers.com, we also offer a ready-to-use, standards-aligned 4th-grade curriculum. Our resources cover everything from prehistory to today, with engaging videos, slide presentations, student-friendly texts, guided notes, quizzes, and exit tickets. The curriculum saves educators time with well-structured, California State Standards-aligned lessons. It also provides in-depth resources on 19 Native American tribes, all 21 missions,
- [Mission San Gabriel Arcángel Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-gabriel-arcangel-facts/) - Location: 428 S Mission Dr, San Gabriel, CA 91776 Date founded: September 8, 1771 Patron saint: The Archangel St. Gabriel. Founder: Fr. Junípero Serra, Fr. Pedro Cambón. Native peoples: Tongva -- also known as Gabrielino. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, lentils, garbanzos. Features: Most distinctive of the Alta California missions, with “fortress style” church with
- [Mission Santa Clara de Asís Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-santa-clara-facts/) - Location: 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053 Date founded: January 12, 1777 Patron saint: St. Clare of Assisi. Founder: Fr. Junípero Serra. Native peoples: Ohlone (Costanoan), Yokuts (from the Central Valley). Goods produced: Wheat, other crops. Features: Restored church built in 1929 after being destroyed by fire in 1926, old adobe room and wall from
- [Mission San Francisco de Asís Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-francisco-de-asis-facts/) - Location: 3321 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94114 Date founded: June 26, 1776 Patron saint: St. Francis of Assisi. Founder: Fr. Junípero Serra. Native peoples: Ohlone, Coast Miwok, Southern Pomo, Wappo, perhaps Wintun, Maidu, Miwok,Yokuts. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas. Features: Adobe church, whitewashed, with two rows of four imitation columns on the façade. Sits adjacent
- [Mission San Antonio de Padua Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-antonio-de-padua-facts/) - Location: 1 Mission Creek Rd, Jolon, CA 93928 Date founded: July 14, 1771 Patron saint: St. Anthony of Padua. Founder: Fr. Junípero Serra. Native peoples: Salinan (local), as well as Yokuts from the San Joaquin Valley. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas. Features: Espadaña with three bells, made of ladrillos (bricks); long vaulted convento building. Isolated location,
- [Mission San Diego de Alcalá Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-diego-de-alcala-facts/) - Background: Mission San Diego de Alcalá was the second mission founded in the Californias by Fr. Junípero Serra and the first one founded in Alta California. Named after a 15th-century Franciscan saint from southern Spain, it is the southernmost link in the California mission chain. Initially established in 1769 near the Kumeyaay village of Cosoy
- [Mission San Miguel Arcángel Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-miguel-arcangel-facts/) - Location: 775 Mission St, San Miguel, CA 93451 Date founded: July 25, 1797 Patron saint: The Archangel St. Michael. Founder: Fr. Fermín de Lasuén. Native peoples: Salinan (local), as well as Yokuts from the San Joaquin Valley. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas. Features: Adobe church with original native artwork on interior walls, portion of convento. Current
- [Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-luis-obispo-de-tolosa-facts/) - Location: 751 Palm St, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 Date founded: September 1, 1772 Patron saint: Saint Louis of Toulouse. Founder: Fr. Junípero Serra. Native peoples: Chumash -- also known as Obispeño Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, lentils. Features: Adobe church with convento, with surviving stone cocina (kitchen). Current status: Roman Catholic parish. Historical
- [Mission La Purísima Concepción Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-la-purisima-concepcion-facts/) - Location: 2295 Purisima Rd, Lompoc, CA 93436 Date founded: December 8, 1787 Patron saint: The Virgin Mary under the title of the Immaculate Conception. Founder: Fr. Fermín de Lasuén. Native peoples: Chumash -- also known as Purisimeño. Features: Brightly colored espadaña, convento and other stone buildings. Operates as a living history park. Current status: Mission La
- [Mission Santa Inés Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-santa-ines-facts/) - Location: 1760 Mission Drive, Solvang, CA 93464 Date founded: Sept. 17, 1804 Patron saint: St. Agnes. Founder: Fr. Estevan Tapis. Native peoples: Chumash -- also known as Ineseño. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, lentils, garbanzos and favas. Features: Large, 3-belled espadaña bell tower; heavy side buttresses on exterior walls; Chumash wall decorations around the
- [Mission San Buenaventura Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-buenaventura-facts/) - Location: 211 E Main St, Ventura, CA 93001 Date founded: March 31, 1782 Patron saint: St. Bonaventure. Founder: Fr. Junípero Serra. Native peoples: Chumash -- also known as Ventureño Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, lentils, garbanzos and fava beans. Features: Whitewashed church made of adobe and ladrillo, with a buttress and bell tower attached
- [Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-nuestra-senora-de-la-soledad-facts/) - Location: 36641 Fort Romie Rd, Soledad, CA 93960 Date founded: October 9, 1791 Patron saint: Our Lady of Solitude. Founder: Fr. Fermín Francisco de Lasuén. Native peoples: Chalon, Esselen, Yokuts and Salinan. Features: Reconstructed chapel and convento; archaeological remains of adobe walls of quadrangle. Current status: Roman Catholic Parish. Historical landmark number: California Historical Landmark no. 233 Interesting facts:
- [Mission San Fernando Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-fernando-facts/) - Location: 15151 San Fernando Mission Blvd, Mission Hills, CA 91345 Date founded: September 8, 1797 Patron saint: St. Ferdinand, King of Spain. Founder: Fr. Fermín de Lasuén. Native peoples: Tataviem, Tongva (Fernandeño, Gabrieleño). Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, lentils, garbanzos and fava beans. Features: Rebuilt church with a seventeenth-century altarpiece from Spain;
- [Mission San Carlos Borromeo Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-carlos-borromeo-facts/) - Mission San Carlos Borromeo is the second mission in Alta California founded by Junípero Serra. Originally established on the shores of Monterey Bay, it was later moved to the Carmel River Valley, in the territory of the Esselen and Rumsen Ohlone people. Its full name is, therefore, La Misión de San Carlos Borromeo del Río Carmelo.
- [California Missions](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-missions/) - All our best resources about the Spanish missions in California. Maps California Missions Map California Mission Facts What Were the Spanish Missions in California? Complete California Missions List and Facts California Missions: 50 Interesting Facts 9 Ways the Missions Impacted California Facts about Individual Missions Mission San Francisco Solano Mission San Rafael Arcángel Mission San
- [Mission San José Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-jose-facts/) - Mission San José is the fourteenth of the Spanish missions founded in Alta California. Founded in the lands of Ohlone-speaking peoples, the mission's territories eventually expanded to include Miwok- and Yokut-speaking speaking peoples to the north and east. Location: 43300 Mission Blvd, Fremont, CA 94539 County: Alameda Date founded: June 11, 1797 Patron saint: St.
- [Mission Santa Bárbara Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-santa-barbara-facts/) - Location: 2201 Laguna St, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 County: Santa Barbara Date founded: December 4, 1786 Patron saint: St. Barbara. Founder: Fr. Fermín de Lasuén. Native peoples: Chumash -- also known as Barbareño, Canalino. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, lentils, garbanzos and fava beans. Features: Neoclassical façade with two bell towers, fountain and lavandería,
- [Mission San Juan Bautista Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-juan-bautista-facts/) - Mission San Juan Bautista is the fifteenth of the Spanish missions of Alta California. Founded in 1797 by Fray Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, the mission was founded in the region of the Mutsun Ohlone people. Location: 406 2nd St, San Juan Bautista, CA 95045 County: San Benito County Date founded: June 24, 1797 Patron saint:
- [Resources](https://www.californiafrontier.net/resources/) - These are some of my favorite resources for studying, appreciating and teaching about the geography, culture and history of early California. There are plenty of other resources out there, but this list is limited to the ones I am familiar with. Whenever I find out about a resource that I believe can be helpful, I
- [Early California History Timeline](https://www.californiafrontier.net/timeline/) - The history of the encounter between European and native people in California stretches back at over 500 years. You can use this timeline to put events into context and relate them to one another, either by scrolling through the years, or selecting a specific year. 1510 Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo publishes Las Sergas de Esplandián
- [Support the California Frontier Show](https://www.californiafrontier.net/support-the-podcast-2/) - We are proud to offer this unique podcast about the early history of California. Each solo episode involves hours of original background research and writing. Production costs include recording equipment, web and podcast hosting providers and software to support interviews and taping of episodes. Your support helps keep the podcast regular and high quality. Ways
- [Support the Podcast](https://www.californiafrontier.net/support-the-podcast/)
- [Native Americans in California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/native-americans-in-california/) - California Native American Tribe Facts Native American Tribes of the California Missions: List and Facts Acjachemen (Juaneño) Tribe Facts The Chumash: Native Americans of the California Coast Chumash Tribe Facts The Coast Miwok: People of the Northern California Coast (Part 1) The Coast Miwok: People of the Northern California Coast (Part 2) Coast Miwok Tribe
- [California History](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-history/) - Timeline: From First Encounters to Statehood Timeline: European Exploration and Settlement of California How did California Get its Name? Governors of Alta California Early Exploration of California (1533-1602) Exploration and Settlement of California (1741-1777) Settlers on the California Frontier (1769-1797) Settlers on the California Frontier (1800-1850) Origins of Mexican Independence 1 (1700-1760s) Origins of Mexican
- [Chumash Territory](https://www.californiafrontier.net/chumash-territory/)
- [Use of Artwork](https://www.californiafrontier.net/use-of-artwork/) - Unless otherwise stated, all artwork on this site, including maps and photos, is property of the California Frontier Project and copyrighted © Damian Bacich, and may not be reproduced without written permission of Damian Bacich/The California Frontier Project. If you are interested in reproducing any photos, maps or other artwork from this website, send a
- [California State Historic Parks Map](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-state-historic-parks/) - The California State Parks system is the largest in the country. In addition to areas of natural beauty, California has numerous state historic parks that provide visitors with an up-close view of the state's rich history. This interactive map includes photos, visitor information and directions to these fascinating locations. Since most of these sites charge
- [Privacy Policy](https://www.californiafrontier.net/privacy-policy-2/) - Who we are Our website address is: https://www.californiafrontier.net. What personal data we collect and why we collect it Comments When visitors leave comments on the site we collect the data shown in the comments form, and also the visitor’s IP address and browser user agent string to help spam detection. An anonymized string created from
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- [Mission San Rafael Arcángel Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-rafael-arcangel-facts/) - Originally founded in 1817 as a hospital outpost for Mission Dolores, Mission San Rafael Arcángel was the first mission founded north of the San Francisco Bay. Location: 1104 Fifth Ave, San Rafael, CA 94901 Date founded: December 14, 1817 Patron saint: The Archangel St. Raphael. Founders: Fathers Sarriá, Abella, Durán and Gil y Taboada. Native peoples: Coast Miwok, Wappo and Pomo. Goods
- [Mission Santa Cruz Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-santa-cruz-facts/) - Mission Santa Cruz was founded in 1791 and is 12th in the mission chain. The following are important facts about Mission Santa Cruz: Location: 130 Emmett St, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Date founded: August 28, 1791 Patron saint: Named for the Cross of Jesus (the Holy Cross). Founder: Fr. Fermín de Lasuén. Native peoples: Ohlone and Yokuts.
- [Articles](https://www.californiafrontier.net/blog/)
- [Newsletter](https://www.californiafrontier.net/newsletter/) - The California Frontier Newsletter offers links and commentary about issues related to the history of California and the greater Southwest. And sometimes other things. September 5, 2022
- [Swamps and Marshes](https://www.californiafrontier.net/newsletter/swamps-and-marshes/) - September 5, 2022 The new school year is underway in the midst of heatwaves and drought. But this is California, and we know our history, so we shouldn't be surprised, right? For your enjoyment: a few items I came across about some lesser-known aspects of our history in California and the greater Southwest. "Nearly every
- [Ohlone Territory](https://www.californiafrontier.net/ohlone-territory/)
- [Thank You!](https://www.californiafrontier.net/thank-you/) - Thank you for joining the California Frontier Project mailing list! As promised, here is the link to your download. Click to download As a subscriber, you will receive updates on resources, including the California History Teachers Academy, updates on new articles and posts, as well as our email newsletter. My goal with the California Frontier
- [Join the California Frontier Academy](https://www.californiafrontier.net/membership-options/) - Early members have the option of two pricing plans. Monthly Membership $9.99/month 2 week free trialSelf-contained units for each content standardSlide presentationsMultiple-choice quizzesGrowing content libraryNo price increase for the life of your membershipPay month-by-month enroll now Annual Membership (20% discount) $99/year 2 months free!Self-contained units for each content standardSlide presentationsMultiple-choice quizzesGrowing content libraryNo price increase
- [Your Free Resource](https://www.californiafrontier.net/your-free-resource/) - Click the button below to download your presentation: Franciscans and the Economy of California (2)Download
- [Public Speaking](https://www.californiafrontier.net/public-speaking/) - An educator, I enjoy public engagement and consider it a key part of a healthy society. Experience With over twenty years teaching in both public and private universities, I know how to engage an audience. Whether large venues of over 100 or small workshops, I am equally at home at scholarly conferences and with local
- [Junípero Serra Resources](https://www.californiafrontier.net/junipero-serra-resources/) - A collection of resources to help you understand the life and legacy of Junípero Serra. Articles about Junípero Serra Who Was Junípero Serra? Junípero Serra’s Mallorca: Where it All Began Junípero Serra Timeline ¡Siempre Adelante! Junípero Serra Goes to New York Happy Birthday Junipero Serra Junipero Serra Video Clarifies Some Misconceptions The Five Reasons Pope Francis
- [Yokuts Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/yokuts-tribe-facts/) - Home region: Northern and Southern San Joaquin Valley and the Siera Nevada foothills Language group: Penutian Mission affiliations: San Antonio de Padua, San Francisco de Asís, Santa Clara de Asís, Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, San José, San Miguel Arcángel Historical background: Yokuts is a term referring to a large number of peoples of the
- [Mission San Carlos Borromeo Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-carlos-borromeo-facts-2/) - Location: 3080 Rio Rd, Carmel-By-The-Sea, CA 93923 Date founded: June 3, 1770 Patron saint: St. Charles Borromeo. Founder: Fr. Junípero Serra. Native peoples: Esselen, Rumsen -- also known as Costanoan. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, vegetables. Features: Original stone church walls and bell tower, quarried from the Santa Lucia Mountains, star window, mudéjar style
- [Tongva (Gabrielino) Tribe Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tongva-gabrielino-tribe-facts/) - Home region: San Fernando Valley east to the Los Angeles basin to near San Bernardino, Santa Catalina, San Nicolás and San Clemente Islands Language group: Uto-Aztecan Mission affiliations: San Gabriel Arcángel, San Fernando Rey de España Historical background: Anthropologists today believe that the people known as the Tongva arrived in the Los Angeles basin sometime around
- [Shop/Support](https://www.californiafrontier.net/shop-support-2/)
- [Books](https://www.californiafrontier.net/bookstore/) - The books below are excellent resources for learning about the California frontier. If you purchase them through the links provided, it will cost you nothing extra and a small percentage of your Amazon purchase will go to support the California Frontier Project.
- [Shop/Support](https://www.californiafrontier.net/shop-support/) - The California Frontier Project is a labor of love, but time and resources go into producing it. There are many ways you can support the ongoing work of the California Frontier Project.
- [Chumash Territory](https://www.californiafrontier.net/chumash-territory-2/)
- [The Voyage of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/the-voyage-of-juan-rodriguez-cabrillo/)
- [Kumeyaay Territory](https://www.californiafrontier.net/kumeyaay-territory/)
- [Resources for Teachers](https://www.californiafrontier.net/resources-for-teachers/) - We have a variety of resources available through our Teachers Pay Teachers store. Be sure to follow the California Frontier Project on TpT in order to get updates about the products we add. Keep updated Join our community and you will receive updates on new resources and tips for teaching about early California. [thrive_lead_lock id='43888']Hidden
- [Projects](https://www.californiafrontier.net/projects/) - Scholarly and Academic projects are an important part of the California Frontier Project. These activities are aimed at uncovering and sharing knowledge, especially about lesser-known aspects of early California culture. Some of these projects have been completed, while others are ongoing. Below are brief descriptions of each of project and its outcome or projected outcome.
- [Topics](https://www.californiafrontier.net/topics/) - Below are just some of the topics covered by the California Frontier Project. Click on the links to view articles about each subject. California Indians Catholicism Californios Early Land and Sea Routes European Settlement Hispanic Heritage Junípero Serra Mexican Rule Missions Primary Sources Soldiers and Presidios Spain Spanish Exploration and Colonization
- [Mission San Rafael Arcángel Facts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-san-rafael-arcangel-facts-2/) - Location: 1104 Fifth Ave, San Rafael, CA 94901 Year founded: 1817 Patron saint: The Archangel St. Raphael. Founders: Fathers Sarriá, Abella, Durán and Gil y Taboada. Native peoples: Coast Miwok, Wappo and Pomo. Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, lentils, garbanzos, pears, grapes. Features: Small replica chapel next to larger parish church. Three of the original bells and painting of the mission’s
- [California Frontier Timelines](https://www.californiafrontier.net/california-frontier-timelines/) - Timelines are very helpful tools to visualize facts. Use the timelines below to help you put people, places and events related to Alta California in their historical context. Timeline: From First Encounters to Statehood Timeline: European Exploration and Settlement of California (Infographic) Junípero Serra Timeline
- [Timeline: European Exploration and Settlement of California (Infographic)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/timeline-european-exploration-settlement/) - 1533: Spanish ships reach the tip of Baja California. 1535: Hernán Cortez reaches Baja California. 1539: Francisco de Ulloa confirms that Baja California is a peninsula. 1542: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo arrives in San Diego Bay. He later sails as far as the Oregon coast. 1579: Francis Drake lands near San Francisco. 1602: Sebastián Vizcaíno sails
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- [Mission Profiles](https://www.californiafrontier.net/mission-profiles/) - Name: Mission San Diego de Alcalá Year founded: 1769 Patron saint: St. Didacus of Alcalá Founder: Fr. Junípero Serra Native peoples: Kumeyaay [Ipai/Tipai] (Diegueño) Goods produced: Wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, lentils, garbanzos and habas (broad beans). Current Status: Roman Catholic Parish Name: Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo Year founded: 1770 Patron saint: St.
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- [Timelines](https://www.californiafrontier.net/timelines/) - Timelines can help us put events into context and better understand how people interacted with their circumstances. They can also help us to make connections between occurrences that might otherwise seem unrelated. The following are some helpful timelines. Please let us know if you would like to see more added. European Exploration and Settlement of
- [Timeline: Junípero Serra](https://www.californiafrontier.net/junipero-serra-timeline/) - 1713: Miguel José Serra born in Mallorca, Spain 1728: Begins university studies 1730: Admitted to the Franciscan Order, takes the name "Junípero" 1737: Ordained a priest 1749: Arrives in Mexico City 1750: Begins missionary work in the Sierra Gorda 1758: Returns to the College of San Fernando 1767: Expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories 1768:
- [Join the California Frontier Community](https://www.californiafrontier.net/join/) - You can receive updates about articles I post or new resources that I make available. And while you're at it, you will also receive a free downloadable map of all 21 Spanish missions in California. Just fill out the simple form below. You can unsubscribe at any time. Sign up Now After you fill out the
- [Book Table](https://www.californiafrontier.net/book-table/)
- [Featured Books](https://www.californiafrontier.net/featured-books/) - Junípero Serra: California, Indians, and the Transformation of a Missionary An in-depth look at the man Junipero Serra through his own words. The California Missions Source Book A go-to book for basic knowledge about the mission frontier and all 21 missions. Blessed Fray Junipero Serra: An Outstanding California Hero A reader-friendly introduction to the life of Junipero
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## Categories

- [Settlement](https://www.californiafrontier.net/category/settlement/)
- [Exploration](https://www.californiafrontier.net/category/exploration/)
- [Missions](https://www.californiafrontier.net/category/missions/) - Articles related to the Spanish missions in California.
- [Mexican California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/category/mexican-california/) - Articles about California under Mexican rule.
- [Podcast](https://www.californiafrontier.net/category/podcast/) - The California Frontier Podcast offers audio versions of our articles, as well as interviews with scholars, experts and people passionate about California’s unique history and culture. Click on the articles below to listen in your web browser, download episodes or subscribe on your favorite podcast app.
- [Native American Life](https://www.californiafrontier.net/category/native-americans/)
- [U.S. Expansion](https://www.californiafrontier.net/category/u-s-expansion/)
- [California History](https://www.californiafrontier.net/category/california/)

## Tags

- [Mission San Miguel](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-miguel/)
- [Daily Lives (Standard 5)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/daily-lives-standard-5/)
- [California Indians (Standard 1)](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/california-indians-standard-1/)
- [Junipero Serra](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/junipero-serra/)
- [Maps](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/maps/)
- [Primary Sources](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/primary-sources/)
- [Mission La Purisima](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-la-purisima/)
- [Mission San Diego de Alcala](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-diego-de-alcala/)
- [day hikes](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/day-hikes/)
- [Bay Area](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/bay-area/)
- [featured](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/featured/)
- [Anza](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/anza/)
- [Portolá](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/portola/)
- [Bering](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/bering/)
- [Cook](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/cook/)
- [Gálvez](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/galvez/)
- [Photography](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/photography/)
- [National Park Service](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/national-park-service/)
- [Virgin of Guadalupe](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/virgin-of-guadalupe/)
- [Californios](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/californios/)
- [Mission San Juan Bautista](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-juan-bautista/)
- [Winter Solstice](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/winter-solstice/)
- [Solar Illumination](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/solar-illumination/)
- [Calafia](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/calafia/)
- [California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/california/)
- [Song of Roland](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/song-of-roland/)
- [Don Quixote](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/don-quixote/)
- [Cervantes](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/cervantes/)
- [San José](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/san-jose/)
- [genealogy](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/genealogy/)
- [living history](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/living-history/)
- [Wintu](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/wintu/)
- [Yokuts](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/yokuts/)
- [Ohlone](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/ohlone/)
- [Salinan](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/salinan/)
- [Wappo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/wappo/)
- [Tongva](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/tongva/)
- [Gabrielino](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/gabrielino/)
- [Tataviem](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/tataviem/)
- [Fernandeño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/fernandeno/)
- [Suisunes](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/suisunes/)
- [Patwin](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/patwin/)
- [Rumsen](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/rumsen/)
- [Quechnajuichom](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/quechnajuichom/)
- [Luiseño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/luiseno/)
- [Costanoan](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/costanoan/)
- [Mutsun](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mutsun/)
- [Miwok](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/miwok/)
- [Kumeyaay](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/kumeyaay/)
- [Tipai](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/tipai/)
- [Ipai](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/ipai/)
- [Diegueño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/diegueno/)
- [Esselen](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/esselen/)
- [Chumash](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/chumash/)
- [Obispeño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/obispeno/)
- [Ventureño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/ventureno/)
- [Barbareño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/barbareno/)
- [Purisimeño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/purisimeno/)
- [Yneseño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/yneseno/)
- [Canalino](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/canalino/)
- [Acjachemem](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/acjachemem/)
- [Juaneño](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/juaneno/)
- [women](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/women/)
- [Mission Santa Clara](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-santa-clara/)
- [Native Americans](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/native-americans/)
- [Mission San Carlos Borromeo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-carlos-borromeo/)
- [vandalism](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/vandalism/)
- [spanish missions](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/spanish-missions/)
- [Franciscans](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/franciscans/)
- [Santa Inés](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/santa-ines/)
- [Mission Santa Inés](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-santa-ines/)
- [Daily lives](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/daily-lives/)
- [Frontier](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/frontier/)
- [San Francisco](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/san-francisco/)
- [Los Angeles](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/los-angeles/)
- [U.S.-Mexico War](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/u-s-mexico-war/)
- [California history](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/california-history/)
- [Adobes](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/adobes/)
- [Coast Miwok](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/coast-miwok/)
- [State Park](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/state-park/)
- [Rancho Era](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/rancho-era/)
- [Military](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/military/)
- [Soldiers](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/soldiers/)
- [Presidios](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/presidios/)
- [Monterey](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/monterey/)
- [San Diego](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/san-diego/)
- [Santa Barbara](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/santa-barbara/)
- [Pablo Tac](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pablo-tac/)
- [Peyri](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/peyri/)
- [José Altimira](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/jose-altimira/)
- [Estevan Tapis](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/estevan-tapis/)
- [Luis Gil y Taboada](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/luis-gil-y-taboada/)
- [Vicente Francisco de Sarría](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/vicente-francisco-de-sarria/)
- [Fermín Francisco de Lasuén](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/fermin-francisco-de-lasuen/)
- [Narciso Durán](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/narciso-duran/)
- [Pedro Benito Cambón](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pedro-benito-cambon/)
- [mission founders](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-founders/)
- [Buenaventura Sitjar](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/buenaventura-sitjar/)
- [Antonio de la Concepción Horra](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/antonio-de-la-concepcion-horra/)
- [Diego Borica](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/diego-borica/)
- [Fr. José Altimira](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/fr-jose-altimira/)
- [Mission San Francisco Solano](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-francisco-solano/)
- [Mission San Francisco de Asís](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-francisco-de-asis/)
- [Mission San Rafael](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-rafael/)
- [Sonoma](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/sonoma/)
- [Santa Cruz](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/santa-cruz/)
- [Chictactac-Adams](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/chictactac-adams/)
- [Sanchez Adobe](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/sanchez-adobe/)
- [Mission Dolores](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-dolores/)
- [Mission San José](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-jose/)
- [Amah-Mutsun](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/amah-mutsun/)
- [Muwekma Ohlone](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/muwekma-ohlone/)
- [Indian Canyon Nation](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/indian-canyon-nation/)
- [Glossary](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/glossary/)
- [Vocabulary](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/vocabulary/)
- [Gen. Mariano G. Vallejo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/gen-mariano-g-vallejo/)
- [Chief Marin](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/chief-marin/)
- [Juan Amorós](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/juan-amoros/)
- [China Camp](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/china-camp/)
- [King Carlos III](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/king-carlos-iii/)
- [Branciforte](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/branciforte/)
- [Hijar-Padrés](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/hijar-padres/)
- [Pueblos](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pueblos/)
- [Mallorca](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mallorca/)
- [Petra](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/petra/)
- [Carlos II](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/carlos-ii/)
- [Virreinatos](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/virreinatos/)
- [Enlightenment](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/enlightenment/)
- [Siete Partidas](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/siete-partidas/)
- [Compadrazgo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/compadrazgo/)
- [Castro Adobe](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/castro-adobe/)
- [Watsonville](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/watsonville/)
- [Santa Cruz County](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/santa-cruz-county/)
- [Goya](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/goya/)
- [Jesuits](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/jesuits/)
- [Mexican Independence](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mexican-independence/)
- [Latin America](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/latin-america/)
- [Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/miguel-hidalgo-y-costilla/)
- [Hipólito Bouchard](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/hipolito-bouchard/)
- [Agustín Iturbide](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/agustin-iturbide/)
- [Plan of Iguala](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/plan-of-iguala/)
- [Juana Machado](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/juana-machado/)
- [Juan Bautista de Anza](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/juan-bautista-de-anza/)
- [Felipe de Neve](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/felipe-de-neve/)
- [Tubac](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/tubac/)
- [Los Californianos](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/los-californianos/)
- [soldados](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/soldados/)
- [pobladores](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pobladores/)
- [vecinos](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/vecinos/)
- [Juana Briones](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/juana-briones/)
- [Cabrillo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/cabrillo/)
- [Cortez](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/cortez/)
- [Drake](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/drake/)
- [Vizcaíno](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/vizcaino/)
- [Ulloa](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/ulloa/)
- [Balboa](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/balboa/)
- [solados de cuera](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/solados-de-cuera/)
- [Agapito Amamix](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/agapito-amamix/)
- [Antonio Peyri](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/antonio-peyri/)
- [Pala](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pala/)
- [Native American Jobs](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/native-american-jobs/)
- [Choinumne](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/choinumne/)
- [leatherjacket](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/leatherjacket/)
- [Vallejo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/vallejo/)
- [Benicia](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/benicia/)
- [Chief Solano](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/chief-solano/)
- [tomol](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/tomol/)
- [San Luis Obispo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/san-luis-obispo/)
- [Santa Ynez](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/santa-ynez/)
- [Channel Islands](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/channel-islands/)
- [San Buenaventura](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/san-buenaventura/)
- [pictograph](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pictograph/)
- [rock art](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/rock-art/)
- [Secularization](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/secularization/)
- [El Camino Real](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/el-camino-real/)
- [Mission Santa Bárbara](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-santa-barbara/)
- [Music](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/music/)
- [agriculture](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/agriculture/)
- [art](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/art/)
- [ethnography](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/ethnography/)
- [wine](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/wine/)
- [irrigation](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/irrigation/)
- [trade](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/trade/)
- [tourism](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/tourism/)
- [libraries](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/libraries/)
- [cities](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/cities/)
- [place names](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/place-names/)
- [Rancho Camulos](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/rancho-camulos/)
- [Pío Pico](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pio-pico/)
- [Andrés Pico](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/andres-pico/)
- [Domínguez](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/dominguez/)
- [Vaqueros](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/vaqueros/)
- [Rodriguez Cabrillo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/rodriguez-cabrillo/)
- [Point Reyes](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/point-reyes/)
- [San Salvador](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/san-salvador/)
- [Strait of Anián](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/strait-of-anian/)
- [Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/juan-rodriguez-cabrillo/)
- [Mexico](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mexico/)
- [Cahuenga](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/cahuenga/)
- [San Pascual](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/san-pascual/)
- [Ranchos](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/ranchos/)
- [Laws of Indies](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/laws-of-indies/)
- [Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo/)
- [California Land Act](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/california-land-act/)
- [Mission San Luis Obispo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-luis-obispo/)
- [Mission San Gabriel](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-gabriel/)
- [Interrogatorio](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/interrogatorio/)
- [Somera](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/somera/)
- [Florentine Codex](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/florentine-codex/)
- [Aztecs](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/aztecs/)
- [Auburn University](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/auburn-university/)
- [Peru](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/peru/)
- [Inquisition](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/inquisition/)
- [mission san fernando](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-fernando/)
- [mission san juan capistrano](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-juan-capistrano/)
- [Pirates](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pirates/)
- [Island of the Blue Dolphins](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/island-of-the-blue-dolphins/)
- [Juana María](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/juana-maria/)
- [mission santa cruz](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-santa-cruz/)
- [horses](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/horses/)
- [Frémont](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/fremont/)
- [Ide](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/ide/)
- [Osos](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/osos/)
- [Bear Flag](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/bear-flag/)
- [Mexican-American War](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mexican-american-war/)
- [Pio Pico](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/pio-pico-2/)
- [Suisun](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/suisun/)
- [Southern California](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/southern-california/)
- [Mission San Luis Rey](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/mission-san-luis-rey/)
- [Leidesdorff](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/leidesdorff/)
- [Gold Rush](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/gold-rush/)
- [Black History](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/black-history/)
- [Folsom](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/folsom/)
- [Apolinara Lorenzana](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/apolinara-lorenzana/)
- [Josefa Carrillo](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/josefa-carrillo/)
- [49ers](https://www.californiafrontier.net/tag/49ers/)